Showing posts with label Engineering. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Engineering. Show all posts
SURVEY MCQs
1) Offset angle taken in chain survey is ✓ any angle
2) The correct relation between fore bearing and back bearing in compass survey is
✓BB= FB+l-180°
3) Chain surveying is used for small area in
✓ fairly level ground
4) An area can be completely defined with the linear measurement only if
✓ it is enclosed by a triangle
5) To determine the area of of plot it should be divided into geometrical figure with all its side known should be
✓parallelogram
6) During the setting out of small building curved wall line is out from known centre and radius of curvature by using
✓ string and measuring tape
7) Dumpy level is most suitable when
✓ many reading are to be taken from a simple setting of instrument
8) The method for linear measurement completely by means of observation through instrument avoiding the use of measuring tape is
✓indirect method
9) The principle of plane tabling is based on the fact that the line joining the point on the plane table have relationship with the corresponding line joining the ground points while working it is station as
✓ parallel to each other
BUILDING DESIGN CONSIDERATION AS PER NBC:205
DESIGN
CONSEDERATION AS PER NATIONAL BUILDING CODE
DIMENSION
Height of first storey of building= 3.2 m (10'
6")
Height of Upper storey of building= 2.8 m (9'2")
No. of bays in length as well as width does not more
than 6 bays as well as less than 25 m.
The length between each bays does not more than 4.5 m
c/c.
Length should not be greater than 3 times of width.
The ratio between height to length and height to width
should not be greater than 3.
Cantilever flor 1 m from center of beam.
CONCRETE ,MORTAR
Concrete having thickness 100 mm and above use 20mm
graded aggregates
Concrete having thickness 40 mm to 100 mm use 12 mm
graded aggregates
Minimum crushing strength of concrete used for footings,
column, beams etc is 15 N/MM2 at 28 days for 150 mm
cubes.
Minimum thickness of slab used for roof and flooring is 100 mm
(4")
Thickness of mortar in brick work is 10 mm
Thickness of internal wall 115 mm (5 inch)
Thickness of external wall 230 mm (9 inch)
Cement sand ratio for 115 mm
brick wall 1:4
Cement sand ratio for 230 mm
brick wall 1:6
BEAM AND COLUMN
Minimum size of column= 230 mm*230mm (9 inch*9inch)
Minimum size of beam =
230 mm* 325 mm
Plinth beam
= 230 mm* 200 mm
CLEAR COVER
Footing= 50 mm
Column = 40 mm
Beam = 25 mm
Slab = 15 mm
Gabion Work and Its Standard Check In Real Field
What Is Gabion Work?
- Quality And Strength of the Gabion wire
- Condition of the foundation where Gabion wall will install on it
- Lacing And Bracing
- Width of foundation
- Joints
- Quality of stones
- Geo-textiles
- Slope of the foundation
- Leveling etc. are should be consider during and after the installation of the Gabion work.
Quality and strength of the wire used for Gabion structure
Quality of gabion wire should be adequate in strength and good quality. following are the some points for good quality and strength of wire.
- wire should have coated with good material like zinc coated, pvc coated etc.
- wire should have free from rusting.
- wire should have good in tensile strength and twisting.
- Lacing wire should be in good strength.
- Wire should fulfill the code of provision.
Read In PDF....
Foundation For The Gabion Structure
Foundation is very important for laying of the Gabion structure on it. sometimes it is difficult to found the required base of foundation small height so, we should choose the good foundation for the good retaining structure.
Following are the some points should consider before, during and after the excavation of foundation
- should choose the foundation on good soil strata or on the rock surface.
- Choose the best foundation free from water, Erosion, Soil Failure and best support.
- Should maintain the slope of base foundation So, Take at least 1:10 slope ratio.
- If the foundation is deep from ground surface take at least half meter clearance width for front face.
- The bottom of the base should be neat and clean with gradual slope inwards.
- Excavate the sufficient width as the requirements of height of the wall.
Lacing And Bracing Of Gabion
Lacing: Lacing is the process of binding all basket of the Gabion net.To Bind the all basket with proper strength wire around it.
Bracing: Bracing is the process of connection of two end of basket. It is very important during the Gabion wall. It helps to bind the basket with each other
Width Of Foundation
Width Of the Foundation is varies as the classification of the road, Condition Requirement, Topography of the area and budget. Minimum width of the foundation for the gabion wall is calculated as below.
For eg. If we have a Vertical height of the wall is 5m then minimum width of the foundation is 3 that is,
1m width for first layer
1.5m width for second layer
2m width for third layer
2.5m width for fourth layer
3m width for fifth layer
(Each layer having 1m height)
Width of foundation is change as per requirement.
Joints
There should be proper inspection of the joints should be done during Gabion work either they may internal part of the Gabion Basket during laying of stone or external part during laying of series of basket with each other. Joint should not be continue vertically above, it should be cut by another layer above it in both cases that is, Laying of series of basket and laying of stone with each other.
Quality Of Stone
Quality of stone should play very important role for the construction of the Gabion wall. Different Types of the test should be done before the use of the stone in wall for example crushing strength test, Water absorption test, Specific Gravity test etc.
Following are the some property of Good Stone.
- Should be durable
- Proper strength
- Low water absorption
- Good specific gravity
- Igneous rock etc are some property of good rock
Use Of Geo-textiles
Use of Geo-textiles should be done to the backside of the wall in between the soil mass and backside of the Gabion wall. Geo textiles should have good life time and good quality.
Slope and Leveling Of Foundation
Slope of Foundation should maintain during the Gabion wall construction. The Minimum slope of the Gabion wall is 1:10 towards inward of the wall and maintain the zero slope towards the length of foundation. It means the leveling of the foundation is smooth towards the length of the foundation.
SOIL MECHANICS AND FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
To download the book click on link provided below...................
copy this key for open the link..................
key: dxb31M1GSA-j_NTjENeWILAsZ7T8gLd2o-KOvP5jMd0
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copy this key for open the link..................
key: dxb31M1GSA-j_NTjENeWILAsZ7T8gLd2o-KOvP5jMd0
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DOWNLOAD
Top Five Civil Engineering Software
Top Five Recently Used software By Civil Engineering
1. Autocad
2. Sap2000
3. Arc Gis
4. E-tabs
5. Sketch Up
1. Autocad
2. Sap2000
3. Arc Gis
4. E-tabs
5. Sketch Up
Scope of Engineering In Nepal
Scope of Engineering In Nepal
engineering is the one of the
greatest course in the world.engineering is the backbone of the
country. the development of the country directly affected by the quality of
engineering.there are the various part of the engineering, some of them are
civil engineering, electrical engineering, computer and electronics
engineering, mechanical engineering ,environmental engineering, geomatics
engineering etc. all of the above sector of the engineering are equally
important for the development of the country and for increasing the standard of
the country. but today I am going to explain the scope of four main engineering
course in the aspect of Nepal.
Civil Engineering
Civil engineering is the one
of the most popular field in the context of Nepal. After the Gorkha earthquick,
the demand of the civil engineering are increasing day by day. it is the field
related to the construction, development and design. many building, historical
place, and transportation structure are failed due to the earth quick 2015 .so,
for the reconstruction of the failed structure there is the huge demand of the
civil engineers.
most of the part of the Nepal
is in hilly area so for the development of the project in hilly area many types
of skilled civil engineer are required. Following are the some branches of the
civil engineering.
1) Structural engineering
It
is the branch of the engineering related to the design and analysis of the any
structure. these day structural engineering has one of the most scope in the
context of Nepal.
2) Transportation engineering
transportation
engineering related to the construction design and planning of the road, airport,
railway etc. transportation engineering is one of the most popular field in the
context of the Nepal
3) Water recourses engineering
this
is the course related to the water related structure. mainly Nepal is the water
rich resources country in the world, so, it is also wide popular field in context of
Nepal.
4) Geotechnical engineering
this
is the branch of the civil engineering related to the soil structure. during
these days, this field also popular. Due to the reason of the slope, stability and many other factor
of the soil in the context of Nepal
geotechnical engineer play the important role for the development of country.
Electrical engineering
electrical
engineering also one of the popular branch of the engineering in the context of
Nepal. Electrical engineering design the different electrical part like turbine
and study about the proper feasibility
of the machine ,fitting the electrical instrument. Electrical engineer study
about the control system of the electrical instrument. they develop the new
electrical instrument and help to increase the performance of the electrical
equipment,in the field of hydropower, mainly electrical engineer are selected
for the project task. hydropower development is increasing day by day.so,we can
say that,electrical engineering is also the one of the popular field in the context
of Nepal.
Electronics and Computer engineering
This
is the era of the technology and science. electronics and computer engineering
are the branch of the engineering related to the software basis engineering. electronics
and computer engineering are develop the web, software and making the some
micro parts of the computer. software are created by using the program coding. Nepal
also leading towards the development of different technology so electronics and
computer engineering has the great role to develop the technology communication.
after the implementation of the constitution, many regional level of the Nepal
starts the work by using different types of application. for the development of
the software, there is the great role of the electronics and computer
engineering. so can say that electronics and computer engineering has also
great scope in the case of Nepal.
Mechanical
engineering
Mechanical engineering is the
one of the great and high level engineering course all over the world.
Mechanical engineering is related to the design the part of the machine like heat
machine and many more. They develop the control system of the machine. In the
last 5 years Nepal also try to make the new industrial area in the different
region of the Nepal. mechanical engineer are only know about the control system of the machine. So ,we can say
that mechanical engineer are the backbone for the development of the country in
the field of industry. so, mechanical engineer has also great scope in the
field of Nepal.
West seti Hydropower:Why it is required?
WEST SETI HEP:WHY IT IS?
Abstract:
Power generation using hydro
resource offers sustainable, zero green house emission, low input energy cost,
low operating and maintains cost as the comparison of the fossils fuel based on
power generation. currently ,nearly grater than 18% of the total power
generation is based on hydro resource. Nepal is the one of the highest
capability for the hydropower generation .total capacity of the hydropower
generation in Nepal is 83000 MW. out of that 43000 MW was only technically
feasible for the power generation. So, Nepal can create the high amount of the
power generation and surplus power can export to the other country.west seti
hydro is the one of the biggest project for the generation of power. This paper
Reviews the status of the west seti hydropower and present condition of the
project.
Introduction
West seti hydroelectric
project proposed by west seti hydro ltd.In far-western Nepal intend to export the
large quantity of electrical energy to the India and China .Under the power
purpose agreement. The environment impact assessment (EIA) of the project is
initiated in 1997 and the report was approved by ministry of population and
Enviroment of the government of Nepal. It is the storage type of project with a
capacity of 750 MW at rated net head.
The
west seti hydroelectric plant consist of 195 M high concrete faced rock fill
storage dam located at Dhungaad, Doti. There are two diversion tunnel consists
of 12.8 m each of them. Total 25 km long
reservoir of the west seti having FSL is at 1284 and minimum operating level
1225m.Total surface area 2060 ha at FSL of this project .Total sorage capacity
will be 1566 million cube. The power station would be located approximettely 63
kilometers of upstream of the Karnali river. All the project sites, including
the reservoir area and transmission line corridor are located in either Doti or
in Dadeldhura district.
Background
West seti river is the branch
river of the Karnali originated from Saipal Himal. The porposed project west
seti HEP is popular form 20 years ago.Most affected district from this project
are Bajhang ,Baitadi, Doti and Dadeldhura.
There are four month in
summer season and 8 months in winter season. Total economic investement at the
present time is 1600 Billion rupes. It is the probable cost for the project
total cost for the ROR project of 1MW is around 20 cro. as compared with cost
as storage type of project. It is less expensive project. due to the storage
type of project we can generate the equal amount at electricity in both winter and
summer season. our to the this type of benefit from this project.
Francis company sogreha started
the study of this project but this company appear as only for study of the
project. That company does not give any aggrement for the development of the
project but this company has no capability for the development of this type of
huge project. After this the Austrilian company SMEC came and it covers the
project for two decades.
This company also do not any work
for this project. After the few time this company made the aggrement with the
Indian company power tarning and co-operation of India both company are aggred for the wrong decision of the
SMEC with Indian compant Nepalies people loere opposition for that aggrement
for a long time more than 10 years.
Indian company was Aggred
with SMEC for water but not for electricity. After 2007 AD Asian development
Bank also showed the wish for the construction of project, SMEC do not any work
for the development of project and after this Nepal Government terminated the
license agreement with SMEC.
After this China three gorges
company has enter to the project. But this project without giving the ans. But
three gorges does not make any agreement with India for water and electricity.
Main reason why terminate
License of "Three gorges"
Ø
After
MOU,NEA said to three gorges, we can not consume huge amount of electricity in
Nepal. so according to this there is doubt for the progress in development of
hydropower. There is one of the mass role of emploge of NEA for the termination
of three gorges from this project.
Ø
High
level employee of NEA are said the electricity produced after the completion of
project, We can not consume the electricity for
two to four months and that company do not make any agreement about the
production of water from this proect.
Ø
Nepal
government also don’t any work for the progression of development of project.
Ø Selfness of India
India don’t want to see
electricity in Nepal.west seti HEP is one of the storage type of project.
During the storing of the water in
summer season, level of water in river
of India will be descrese. Due to this reason India don’t want to develop this
project.
India saw the water of Nepal.
India had been started the river leading project. many times may elapsed for
the construction of this project. So, India put the demand for the water in any project.
Why This project
From this project obtained
surplus electricity can be transmit the india and the surplus water also, which
can help to increase the economic development of Nepal. Form this storage type
of project more than 1000 hectare land are can be cultivated by bring the water
from the dam with the help of canal, pipe etc. The main advantage of this
project is that less number of people are affected by the probable flood.
The electricity generated
form this project is high quality due to the storage type of project. It is
very helpful to control the flood during the summer season and storage water
can use in winter season for cultivation.
Conclusion
The electricity generated
form this project, if export to the foreign country the total cost of the
project will complete within 10 years. So, Nepal government do the further
process for this project. If the project is done then the food dependent
situation of Nepal to other country may
decrease by cultivated the western land.for this multipurpose project even
Nepal government does not made any
decision and do not further task for the
development of project. So, Nepal has many responsibility for the development of
project and Nepal itself can developed the project.
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